https://www.veteringroup.us/journals/global-journal-of-zoology A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 20 Nov, 2025 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-10-133.php Francolins are an important group of ground-dwelling game birds that play a key role in the ecology of many African forest and savanna ecosystems. However, their behavioral responses to seasonal variations in weather and environmental conditions are not well understood, particularly in the context of tropical rainforest habitats. This study examined the impacts of seasonal weather changes on the activity patterns of the double-spurred francolin (Francolin bicalcaratus) in the rainforest area surrounding Bangem. Systematic observations and audio recordings were conducted over the course of 5 months to document francolin vocalizations, movements, and other behaviors in relation to daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature, rainfall, and other meteorological variables. The results indicated that francolins exhibited distinct shifts in activity levels, habitat use, and social interactions during the wet and dry seasons. Seasonality revealed a significant association on birds’ aggregation X2 = 53.326 df = 2 P = 0.000, climatic conditions X2 = 36.093 df = 3 P = 0.000, and vegetation X2 = 38.385 df1 P = 0.000, respectively. Additionally, seasonality is significantly associated with different food types consumed by the birds, X2 = 70.217, df = 4, P = 0.000. There is also a significant relation between seasonality and the hourly activity periods of the day, X2 = 57.529, df = 2, P = 0.000. Furthermore, seasonality showed a significant link with vocalization communication of francolin birds r = 0.647, P = 0.000. Also, the aggregation birds revealed a significant link with vegetation, r = 0.650, P = 0.000. Francolins are highly adaptable birds that can thrive in a variety of habitat types, from open grasslands to dense, wooded areas. Francolins are highly adaptable birds that can thrive in a variety of habitat types, from open grasslands to dense, wooded areas. These findings suggest that seasonal weather changes play an important role in regulating the behavioral ecology of francolins in tropical rainforest ecosystems. Understanding these seasonal activity patterns can provide important insights for the effective management and conservation of francolin populations, which are threatened by habitat loss and overhunting in many parts of West and Central Africa. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying physiological, social, and ecological mechanisms driving the observed seasonal variations in francolin behavior. 21 Dec, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-9-132.php Insect populations play a vital role in agricultural ecosystems, affecting crop productivity and overall ecosystem health. This study was conducted in three locations, El-Mzara 1, El-Mzara 2, and Zaafriya, in Sidi Bouzid governorate, Tunisia, and aimed to assess the diversity and abundance of insects associated with tomato crops using water traps from late March to early June 2021. The captured insects were collected and identified employing the RBA method. A total of 603 insects were captured. This biodiversity belonging to nine orders encompasses a total of 108 morpho-species distributed into 46 families. Results revealed that Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the most abundant orders, while Hymenoptera exhibited the highest diversity with 34 morpho-species. The Shannon and Simpson indices indicated high diversity and even distribution of insect species in Mzara 1. The Margalef index suggested a relatively high level of species richness in this site. The temporal analysis of insect biodiversity showed variations in the abundance of different orders throughout the tomato cropping season. Hymenoptera species peaked during the flower stages, coinciding with their role as pollinators. Hemiptera species were most abundant during the fruit set and growth stages, which correspond to their harmful impact on tomato leaves and fruits. Lepidoptera species showed increased abundance during fruit set and growth stages as well. These first findings contribute to our understanding of the insect community structure within tomato crops. The data obtained serve as a valuable baseline for further research by identifying and monitoring the key insect species and their auxiliaries. 12 Nov, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-9-131.php This study investigates the trophic ecology and behavioral patterns of Athene cunicularia in Funes, Santa Fe, Argentina, during 2023-2024. Observations were made of two individuals throughout the four seasons of the year, recording a total of 16 hours of behavior. The results revealed that the owl showed a varied diet composed of 946 prey items identified in 134 pellets, with arthropods as the main source (91.89%). The pellets presented an average size of 31.98 mm and a weight of 1.31 g. Seven behavioral patterns were identified, with rest being the most frequent, especially in autumn and winter. Variations in diet and behavior appear to reflect adaptations to environmental conditions and resource availability, suggesting that the species is opportunistic and generalist. These findings contribute to the understanding of the ecology of A. cunicularia in urban environments, highlighting its role in the local ecological balance. 18 Oct, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-9-130.php The Kouoptamo subdivision is one of the localities of the Noun Division that adjoins the Noun River. It served as a study area because of the presence of hippopotamus. This study carried out from January to July 2017, aimed to contribute to the sustainable management of wildlife by improving the observation of hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibius) along the Noun River in the Kouoptamo subdivision. The data were obtained by administering a semi-structured survey form to fishermen, farmers, and local authorities. The results show that the average number of hippopotamuses observed along the River Noun in Kouoptamo is 10. On average, Mefuh records a very abundant potential with 13 individuals. This is followed by Buea and Mangouhnoun (7), Upstream of the dam (5), Makoumahou (4), and Downstream of the dam (3). According to habitat types, megaherbivores are highest in herbaceous savannah (6), followed by forest gallery (5), and finally shrub savannah (3). The months of observation are January and April with the greatest potential (20) and (15), followed by February and June (9) respectively, then March, May, and July (7) respectively. These pachyderms are most frequently observed in the afternoon between 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. (7), followed by the morning between 5 a.m. and 10 a.m. (6), then at midday between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. (5) and finally at night between 7 p.m. and 4 a.m. (4). Very few studies have been carried out on hippopotamuses in Cameroon, so aspects of their biology and ecology remain unknown; precise estimates of population size and evolutionary trends are still incomplete. However, according to the CBD, knowledge of these resources is essential for better management. 05 Apr, 2024 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-9-129.php This study reports for the first time the lice species infesting small ruminants of three communities of Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, Mexico. The lice were manually collected from sheep and goats, deposited in vials containing 70% alcohol, and transported to the Parasitology Laboratory at the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia N° 2. For identification, the specimens were cleared in potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 10%, dried, and mounted on slides. A total of 789 lice were collected from goats and sheep. Two lice species, D. caprae and L. africanus were identified, making D. caprae the most prevalent. No other species were identified parasitizing the sampled animals. It is suggested to do more research to determine prevalence, incidence, and affections in the productive and reproductive parameters; as well as, to determine the possible role of the identified lice in the transmission of microorganisms with medical and veterinary importance. 29 Sep, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-8-128.php In birds, similar behaviour decreases in dramatic form the distances among sister lineages. The current classification of the Chilean representatives of the passerine family Rhinocryptidae includes eight species. Moreover, differences between the two lineages of Chilean species of Scytalopus genera, and two subspecies of Scelorchilus. Scelorchilus albicollis albicollis vs. S. a. atacamae; S. rubecula rubecula vs. S.r. mochae, two species of Pteroptochos: P. castaneus and P. tarnii, and two subspecies: P.megapodius megapodius and P.m. atacamae are very scarce. We propose a new methodology based on ecological and behavioural patterns in order to understand the concept of speciation in this group of birds. Our results show how when integrating behaviour and ecological terms as biological traits next to morphological characters of the plumage, allows us to conclude that there is a decrease in the distances among sister lineages in the cluster tree. 09 Aug, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-8-127.php Wildlife grouping behavior is a significant survival strategy beneficial to all the group members. Migration to healthy food locations, defense from predators, mating, and social organization are some of the products of a well-established and organized grouping behavior of wildlife species such as elephants. Hence, the main objective of this study was to explore the grouping behavior of elephants on some ecological parameters in Mount Cameroon national park. Research data was collected within a period of four months by monitoring and observing elephant groups and their activities within their feeding ecology. Data collection was done during the first 15 days of each month and analyzed by Chi-square and correlation statistical models. In the study, elephant-group activity recorded a significance, X2 = 29.89 df = 8 p = 0.000, X2 = 12.95 df = 8 p < 0.05, and X2 = 11.801 df = 4 p = 0.019 on photo-period, atmospheric conditions, and habitat types respectively. The elephant groups also recorded a significant agreement, r = 0.061 p = 0.008, X2 = 17.35 df = 16 p < 0.05, and X2 = 27.62 df = 12 p = 0.006 on landscape, crop-farm, and crop-farm size estimate respectively. Additionally, elephant group activity recorded a significance, X2 = 18.39 df = 8 p = 0.018, r = 0.107 p < 0.05, X2 = 9.12 df = 8 p < 0.05, and X2 = 13.85 df = 8 p < 0.05 on farm destruction rate, farm destruction distance from human homes, elephant trails, and the crop-raided villages respectively. Group formation of elephants in the park is however reduced to smaller sizes probably due to the killing of elephants for human safety, a situation that could scare and cause some of the elephants to migrate to distant areas. 30 May, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-8-126.php Rabbit syphilis is caused by Treponema paraluisleporidarum and causes several cutaneous lesions. The prevalence in Mexico is not determined and there are currently no reports in pet rabbits associated with this disease. This case report describes the first case of rabbit syphilis in Mexico, confirmed by PCR and sequencing. 16 May, 2023 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-8-125.php Biodiversity has been studied by many specialists and is the same as the terminology “biological diversity” with more than 1.8 million species with Latin name (Scientific name). The insects as a big group have between 751.000 to 950.000 species [1]. Recently, with molecular characterization, some groups get a different point of view [2-4]. 18 Nov, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-7-124.php Green energy facilitates the sustainable development of modern society. To meet the increasing demand for wind energy, however, wind turbines are installed in more and more challenging locations, often close to the natural environment of birds. Rotating at high speed, the blades of wind turbines are hardly visible to avifauna, leading to numerous collisions and fatalities. This poses a question as to whether the most recent technological achievements can be relied on to reduce the impact of man-made structures on birds. The presented research tests the potential use of the automated Bird Protection System (BPS) developed by Bioseco for collision risk mitigation at wind farms. The BPS was installed and tested in a real environment, at a wind turbine in northern Poland. The performed validation showed that at a distance of up to 300 m the BPS performs at least as well as a skilled ornithologist and large bird species are successfully detected from over 600 m. 04 Aug, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-7-123.php One of the most phenomenal innate powers of organisms is their ability to repair injured or lost body parts better known as regeneration. Regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring missing body parts and is a primary attribute of all living organisms. Studying regeneration may be a potential for use in biomedical sciences. Closely associated with regeneration in the arthropods is autotomy an anti-predator behavior in animals. Autotomy is one of the most remarkable features of many arthropods, however, autotomy is not well known in spiders. Also, the cost and benefits of regeneration of lost limbs have not received much attention in recent decades. Understanding the cost-benefits dynamics of regeneration of lost limbs in spiders will undoubtedly increase our understanding of the evolutionary trajectory. Spiders are remarkable for their ability to regenerate limbs with apparent ease during young stages. We used the huntsman spider Heteropoda venatoria as a model to address this. This mini-review also addresses the ecological implications of regeneration for spiders themselves. The study is of great importance because understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with regeneration could be exploited to reconstitute regeneration from constituent parts. 22 Apr, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-7-122.php Kundudo feral horses are the only feral horse in Ethiopia and are located Kundudo Mountain in the eastern part of Ethiopia. The purpose of this short communication report was to compile data from different sources including secondary data, reports from the woreda focal office, and interviews with woreda experts and guards directly working on Kundudo feral horses. Data such as trends, status, and threats to Kundudo feral Horses were compiled from mentioned sources. Currently, the Kundudo feral horses were conserved in situ at the top of Kundudo Mountain. currently, in 2021 and 2022 there are a total of 30 feral horses on the top of the mountain protected by guards and the number of this horse breed will be expected to rise if protected well. The main threat Kundudo feral horses face is a logistic problem, inbreeding, low conservation activities, and animal encroachment for feeding. The major activities performed for better conservation of Kundudo feral horses are awareness-raising campaigns, Kundudo Mountain was recognized as an in-situ site by the community, and the horses moved to their original place on the mountain, personnel was hired and a management plan was developed for stakeholders. Furthermore, having many negotiations among stakeholders, prominent stakeholders have reached a consensus and signed MoU on further engagement and tried to develop a new way of communication and management arrangement. Generally, the conservation of biological diversity is important particularly the conservation of threatened animal genetic resources like the unique horse species of Kundudo Mountain because there is no duplicate copy of species that has been conserved. 07 Apr, 2022 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-7-121.php Pollution of aquatic ecosystems is constantly increasing with the increase in anthropogenic activities all over the world with negative effects on the constituent biota. The current study addressed the possibility of remedying the effects posed to the tissues of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (3-11g initial weight) exposed to lead nitrate over a 12 week period. The treatment groups were Pb only and PbVE (Pb+vitamin E) with T1-T4 and replicate in each case. The sub-lethal treatments of lead nitrate concentrations are as follow: 00 (control), 26mg/L (T1), 44mg/L (T2), 61mg/L (T3) and 79mg/L (T4). 26mg/L concentration of the vitamin was applied to every treatment and replicate of the PbVE group. At the end of the exposure period, gills, liver, and kidneys were excised from the samples and preserved in 10% formalin for histopathological analyses. From the results; the livers of the samples of C. gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentration of Pb only group displayed aggregation and lumping together of the hepatocytes, massive necrosis and shattering of the hepatocytes, vacoulation with greater severity as the concentration increased. The samples of PbVE treatment group showed preserved hepatocytes, reduced aggregation and vacoulation of the cells, gradual recovery of the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, normal tissue architecture, and hepatocytes similar to control samples in T1-T3. In the kidneys of Pb only group, there were massive necrosis and vacoulation, shattering of cells, tissue edema, and massive lumping of cells together, especially in higher concentrations. The PbVE treatments displayed reduced necrosis and cells aggregating together coupled with reduced vacoulation, preserved cells, and cells with cytoplasm returning to normal. But these were not sustained in the highest concentration. In the gills of the Pb only group, there was rarefied gill filament with ruptured lamellae, shattered gill arch, and filaments ruptured primary and secondary lamellae with greater severity in higher concentrations. The PbVE group displayed how the gill arch and filaments with the primary and secondary lamellae were gradually restored to a certain extent similar to the control. In all the organs the alteration and amelioration of the architecture were concentration-dependent. Therefore, a proportionate concentration of the vitamin can facilitate faster tissue damage recovery in heavy metal exposure. 19 May, 2021 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-6-120.php In this study totally 3453 scorpions belonged buthidae family collected from different localities in south and southwestern provinces of Iran. The six psammophilic scorpions were identified in this research: Kraepelinia palpator, Polisius persicus, Apistobuthus susanae , Buthacus macrocentrus, Vachoniolus iranus and Compsobuthus jakesi. 21 Oct, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-5-119.php Peromyscus ochraventer is a rodent species endemic of Mexico. In 1981, Robbins and Baker described its karyotype from one single female which presented 2n = 48 and FN = 60. In this paper we describe the Y chromosome of the male and a new cytotype for the species, 2n=48, FN= 58, that was identified in all of the collected specimens. The FN = 58 is due to one pericentric inversion in chromosome 6, as shown by G-banding pattern. 14 Aug, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-5-118.php An investigation was carried out to unearth the socio-economic profile of fish farmers in Shivamogga district, Karnataka. A total of 70 fish farmers of 51 villages selected randomly and they were personally interviewed through a pre tested structural schedule. Certain parameters related to their socio-economic status namely, family size, literacy status, age, basic amenities, occupation, package and practices of fish culture, operational economics have been studied and presented. Further the study emphasized that the Socio-economic profiles play a pivotal role in the upliftment of fish farming activities. 25 Jul, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-5-117.php Toxoplasmosis is ubiquitous and capable of infecting virtually if not all mammalian species. Reports on latent toxoplasmosis have shown to affect one- third of the total population. The incidence of toxoplasmosis differs, however, with underdeveloped countries having a higher incidence than developed countries. While many people throughout the world are infected with Toxoplasma gondii and the prevalence of mental illness is rare in comparison, Toxoplasma gondii should at least be considered as contributing factor in mentally ill people who may have been exposed to Toxoplasma gondii. The CNS is mainly affected by toxoplasmosis, placing certain groups of individuals at higher risk over others. Toxoplasma gondii infection has been linked with psychiatric illnesses however, research on the causal pathway is limited and therefore not clearly developed. The aim of this review is to discuss the link between Toxoplasmosis and mental illness. 07 Jul, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-5-116.php The study was conducted to gather information on the fish consumption pattern among randomly selected households using a distinct questionnaire. The study revealed that much of the fish consuming communities prefer to consume fish regularly in their diet. Consumers commonly choice to consume fishes like Catla, Common carp, Rohu among the freshwater fish and Sardine, Mackeral and Prawns among sea food. The observation indicated that most of the respondents consume fish found to be once in a week compare to daily user. Survey showed that the range of fish species preferred (cost/ price of fish) mainly focused on the house hold income. 10 Jun, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-5-115.php The blue duiker (Cephalophusmonticola)isexclusively an African wild bovidae. It is a principal source of protein in the African forest zones and contributes in the nutrition of local populations. 13 Apr, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-5-114.php The extant study was carried out to discern the effect of different acidic pH on the tissues of fishes. The experimental fish Cyprinus carpio were introduced into acidic waters (pH 5.0; 5.8; 6.6 and control 7.2) for 21 days for the histopathological exploration, the pH was upheld vigilantly throughout the investigation, after the experimental period, the results revealed the transfigures in the tissues of gills, intestine and liver. The annihilation of the epithelial layer with hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the gills and the development of necrotic gill disease, the fallouts from the intestine displayed the mucosal necrosis, and massive sloughing off mucosal epithelium, the liver unveiled the massive and intense granulomatous reaction and development of necrotic hepatitis. 10 Jan, 2020 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-5-113.php Halda is a unique resourceful tidal river of Bangladesh, where Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirhinnus mrigala, and Labeo calbasu) spawn from April to June. Ecological conditions are auspicious from time immemorial which serves as a natural breeding ground in the world. The present study was conducted over the period of January-June 2017 to identify the main species of Zooplankton fauna and also find out the dominancy of the highest plankton groups in the lower Halda River. A total of 3 major zooplankton groups-Copepoda, Rotifera and Cladocera were identified during the six months period. A total of 35 species under 4 family showing the dominancy for the class Rotifera consisting of 7 genera were recorded from five sampling sites. The lowest group was Cladocera consisting of 5 genera. The composition and dominance of the zooplankton community among five different sites in the lower Halda River showed some close inter-relationships. The present study suggests for conducting further research to know the overall conditions and to make a complete list of available zooplankton fauna that exert impact on the water quality of the Halda River. 23 Nov, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-4-112.php Five species of scorpions belonging to two families are reported from the Hamadan Province of Iran. Of these, two species are recorded from the province for the fi rst time: Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880) and Scorpio maurus kruglovi Birula, 1910 also presented are keys to all species of scorpions found in the Hamadan province. 17 Jul, 2019 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-4-111.php Background and aims: Angola is one of the countries included in the endemic areas of yellow fever transmission in Africa. The objective of this study was to obtain information about the longitudinal spatial distribution and the mainly breeding sites of Ae. aegypti in Angola during the yellow fever epidemic in Angola during 2016. 15 Nov, 2018 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-3-110.php The forest genus Centrobolus of diplopoda belonging to the Order Spirobolida is distributed along the eastern coast of southern Africa. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) can be explained as sexual selection and fecundity selection. Width and length were analysed in Centrobolus to derive SSD in 22 species. Width size of C. silvanus collected in South Africa was calculated as 47.5 mm (n=8). Male width was 43 mm (μ ± σ; n=1) and female width 54 mm (μ ± σ; n=1). An analysis from data presently available showed average SSD for C. silvanus was 1.25581395 differing from 1 (t=1.52753, p=0.085235; n=6). C. silvanus dimorphism was based on a 11 mm difference in horizontal tergite width. Sexual dimorphism appeared as in C. inscriptus female width which was positively related to copulation duration. Keywords. C. silvanus, horizontal tergite width. 12 Apr, 2018 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-3-109.php The present communication deals with diversity and nesting habitat of ants in ANJAC, Campus, Sivakasi. In the present investigation, we identified ten species belonging to three subfamilies inside the campus. Richness and evenness were high in dry season while comparing to the wet season. In the study nature of nest, some ant’s nests were in the soil, some nests in cracks and concrete, while some nests on trees in this investigation. 30 Jun, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-2-108.php The phytochemical constituents of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L) showed therapeutic medical importance especially concerning neurotoxicity which represents the major public health problem. Neurodegenerative disorders are developed from different metabolic diseases and chemical component such as monosodium glutamate. 24 Apr, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-2-107.php Intensive samplings for mosquito larvae were conducted between June and October 2014 in the main representative wetlands of the Teruel province (Northeastern Spain). All water bodies listed in the Inventory of Protected Wetlands from Aragón belonging to the study area, as well as also other fluvial environments, fountains, ponds, streams and reservoirs that had optimal conditions for the development of these dipterans were visited. A total of 2.329 mosquito larval exemplars belonging to 18 species were collected. 08 Mar, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-2-106.php Prenatal stress (PS) induced by immobilization produces deficiencies in spatial learning and information retrieval. These deficiencies seem to be larger in males than in females, and have been explained as an effect of fetal exposure to high concentrations of maternal corticosterone during stress response. 21 Feb, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-2-105.php Haematological tests are signifi cant diagnostic tools that are equally valuable as indicators of toxic insult or stress due to xenobiotics and environmental fl uctuations. 02 Feb, 2017 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-2-104.php B. microti is known as the main etiological agent of human babesiosis and there are some case studies for that disease, highlighting the fact that this is an important “emerging tick-borne disease”. However a lot of information about this protist is unclear. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-1-103.php Genome in eukaryotes is large enough to be accommodated in tiny nucleus. It is required to achieve high degree of compaction for getting into the nucleus. Compaction is achieved by folding the DNA in the form of chromatin. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-1-102.php Mosquito borne diseases including malaria, filariasis, dengue, chikungunya and various forms of encephalitis impose enormous menace to human as well as animals. These diseases cause large number of mortality and morbidity across the world. 14 Jul, 2016 https://www.veteringroup.us/articles/GJZ-1-101.php Bivalves Pinnidae are typical hosts of Pontoniinae shrimps. Several species of this family were documented to harbor these decapods inside their shells, especially shrimps from the genus Pontonia